A Reflection On My Spirit Essay - 1416 Words

Introduction My spirit felt ill at ease while learning about the Gospel Order during our on-site class discussion last June. The Holy Spirit convicted me of being at fault for taking the act of worship lightly and getting too comfortable. Likewise, the Holy Spirit persuaded me to consider the reason we gather for worship and whether we are telling God’s story. I began this doctoral journey under the assumption that I knew a great deal about worship. Coming from a Latino church where God’s presence is distinct throughout our worship experience, I pondered worship renewal was not necessary. â€Å"Oh foolish me,† is what I thought after being confronted by the fact that worship trends, peoples’ expectations and just pure laziness had blindsided me. Back home, I did some soul searching, hoping I would figure out why I had fallen prey to the most common worship tendencies. Thus, mindful of the need to evaluate our worship practices, I addressed my concerns to my husband, the senior pastor, and a group our leaders. The dialogues held revealed that our worship order lacked: intentional scripture reading, different types of prayers, a moment of confession, Trinitarian language, and a well-designed liturgy for the sacred act of the Lord’s Table. Recognizing that I had opted to overlook this reality and done nothing to bring about change, I began formulating questions for my project: Is the congregation familiar with a worship order? Do they see a need for a better order of worship? WhatShow MoreRelatedThe Joy Luck Club By Amy Tan1459 Words   |  6 PagesWiktoria Ostrowska 12/1/15 JLC FLE First Draft English 8-6 Clear Reflection, of Personality The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan follows multiple Chinese-American women who struggle with their self-identity and creating a balance between American and Chinese culture. 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Cbt (Skinner) vs. Psychotherapy (Freud) Free Essays

Evan Hall ECPY 421 CBT (Skinner) vs. Psychotherapy (Freud) Introduction. Freud, being the â€Å"father† of psychology, has had an impact on the development of almost every other theory to fallow his own Psychotherapy. We will write a custom essay sample on Cbt (Skinner) vs. Psychotherapy (Freud) or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is primarily because most recognizable psychological theorists began their training under some form of Psychotherapy. B. F. Skinner was one of the many theorists affected by Freud and his theories. However, even though Skinner originally studied Psychotherapy he eventually decided to stray from Freudian theory and develop his of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.Being derived from Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy shares some ideas but has many differences. Both theories deal with altering the thoughts and behaviors of clients but on different levels and in different ways. Differences. Freud’s theory of Psychotherapy focuses solely on the unconscious mind and works to help the client to acquire some insight on their unconscious beliefs and behaviors. Measurement of the unconscious mind can be difficult considering its questionable existence. However, Freud was convinced that the unconscious mind was an imperative part of people’s lives and greatly effects their behavior and mental health. Freud’s therapeutic technique was for the therapist to be a blank slate and have absolutely no effect on the client. The client was then allowed to free associate, verbally expressing anything and everything that came to mind. It was Freud’s belief that everything expressed was an important clue to attaining the insight needed to relieve the problems which were troubling the client.Freud also believed that nothing said or done by the client was unintentional or a mistake. Freud believed that these â€Å"Freudian slips† were actually the unconscious mind, or the Id, breaking through the barriers created by the Ego and Superego. Freud believed that these barriers were created to control the impulses of the unconscious thereby protecting the individual from the morals of the surrounding society and vice versa. Freud’s technique was non-confrontational in that the therapist provided no guidance to the client. The therapist would only ask the client to consider the ossible hidden meanings to their trail of thought they had verbally expressed during their free association. (Dilman, 1988) Skinner on the other hand, considered the mind to be a â€Å"black box† and believed it was impossible to be measured or even considered when analyzing human behavior. Even though Skinner started off under Psychotherapy, he developed his theory of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy without any consideration of the unconscious mind. Skinner believed that all human behavior was learned and that the thought process involved in enacting the behavior could be conditioned.Skinner’s theory involved the use of the Skinner box. In the Skinner box either a rat or a pigeon was trained to perform a specific behavior in order to receive a food reward. Skinner used the food as reinforcement to promote the repetition of a specific behavior. Skinner created this form of operant conditioning after fallowing Pavlov’s studies in operant conditioning. Skinner believed that the unconscious mind was irrelevant when attempting to understand human behavior because all behaviors are learned using conscious cognition, which has no place in the unconscious mind.Skinner believed that all people are born as blank slates and that they are shaped and molded by the environment they live in. (Gelso Fretz, 2001) Similarities. There are very few similarities in the specifics of Freud and Skinner’s theories. The goal of Freud’s theory is for the client to gain insight on their unconscious impulses and behaviors so that the client may bring their unconscious behaviors into their conscious mind, allowing them to control or edit those behaviors to their liking. Skinner also attempts to alter human behavior, although in a more direct manner. Both of the theories focus on the past experiences of the clients. Freud believed that all unconscious behaviors and impulses are primal and imprinted in our brains at birth, but they are only malleable during the first five years of life. Skinner also focused on the clients past and how they may have been taught to behave through operant conditioning. Both theories end goal consist of altering or repressing undesired behaviors.Psychotherapy uses the acquiring of insight to allow the client to observe their unconscious behaviors bringing them into their conscious thoughts so that they may edit or suppress those behaviors. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy used the techniques of reinforcement and extinction to either promote or discourage specific behaviors. (Gelso Fretz, 2001) Skinner’s Theory in Depth. Skinner’s main theory of reinforcement is based in the behavioral approach where the theorists focus mainly on the overt behaviors of people and how they can be measured to some stimulus in our environment.An individual’s personality develops mostly in response to how they are reinforced or punished for responding to their environments. Due to ethical restrictions Skinner was not able to fully test operant conditioning with his Skinner box on humans, but he claimed that rats and pigeons would suffice because they share the same elemental processes as humans. This could be considered a weakness of Skinner’s theory because one may argue that humans may have similar elemental processes they also have much more developed cognitive processes that vastly exceed the limitations of rats and pigeons.One of the strengths of Skinner’s reinforcement theory is its effectiveness on young children. Most parents toda y still use a system of rewards and punishment to condition their children’s behavior, reinforcing the good behavior and discouraging the bad. Today’s jobs also use a system of rewards and punishment to condition employees to follow the rules the company seeks to enforce. If an employee follows the rules and displays the appropriate behavior, they could be rewarded with a pay raise, a promotion, or positive acknowledgement.If an employee doesn’t follow the rules they could be reprimanded with negative feedback, demotions, or cut hours for part time employees. Another weakness of Skinners reinforcement theory is its inability to be applied in most forms of therapy. It’s difficult for a therapist to manipulate a client’s behavior with a system of rewards and punishments simply because the therapist can’t be around the client at all times. Reinforcement theory is best used in a self-regulated system of rewards and punishment. However, without some sort of external monitoring there is no certainty to the reinforcement. A final strength of the reinforcement theory is its usefulness in behavioral modification when dealing with individuals with behavioral issues. Whether a therapist or parent is dealing with an unruly young child or a rebellious and troubled teen, Skinner’s reinforcement theory can be used to edit ones behaviors to promote the desired and discourage the undesired. (Toates, 2009) Conclusion. Even though Freud could be considered the â€Å"father† of psychology, his old theory of Psychotherapy has had at least some effect on almost all of the theories to follow his own.Skinner’s theory of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and reinforcement is no exception when considering Freud’s influence. However, it would seem that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Psychotherapy are on opposite ends of the therapy spectrum. Though the two theories do share some similarities, they have a vast amount of differences. Although Skinners theory of reinforcement is still used to help modify the behaviors of individuals with behavioral issues or the behaviors of younger children or young teens, it has many limits.Skinners reinforcement theory has little application in a therapist-client relationship because of time constraints and other physical limitations. Reinforcement theory also has limitations when considering experiments with human subjects. The theory could be seen as unethical and inhumane because it goal is to manipulate and shape the behaviors of people while ignoring their emotions and opinions. However, even with these limitations people still use Skinners reinforcement theory when molding the behaviors of their children to fit the values and rules of the environment they will be growing up in. How to cite Cbt (Skinner) vs. Psychotherapy (Freud), Papers

Legal Provisions of Groeneveld Australia Pty Ltd †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about theLegal Provisions of Groeneveld Australia Pty Ltd,Ors v Nolten Ors. Answer: Introduction The paper discusses the legal provisions of the case of Groeneveld Australia Pty Ltd Ors v Nolten Ors (No 3) [2010] VSC 533. The Corporation Act 2001 provides statutory duties which the directors of a company must comply with disposing off their duties. The legislations provide statutory directors duties through Section 180-184. Section 181 provides that the actions of the directors should be in favor of the best interest of the company. According to section 181 the directors must not misuse their position in or to gain a personal benefit or benefit for another person by bring detriment to the company. Section 183 provides that the directors must not use the information obtained through the company to get personal benefits by bringing detriment to the company. According to section 184 if the directors intentionally and recklessly breach the duties in section 181-183 they are liable for criminal proceedings[1]. There are other duties which have been imposed on the directors of the c ompany through commonlaw which include duty of acting bona fide and for the interest of the company, discretion retaining duty, responsibility of avoiding conflict of interest and not using power in an improper manner. The directors can be removed from the position if they fail to comply with the duties and may also have to pay compensation to the company. The directors can also be banned from managing any other corporation for a period up to five years if it is found that they have breached their duties. Case facts The case took place in the Supreme Court of Victoria before the commercial and equity division commercial court. In this case the plaintiff was Groeneveld Australia pty ltd and the defendant was wouter nolten ors. The case is concerned with directors duties with respect to a company. In this case the plaintiff alleged that fiduciary and statutory duties of directors had been breached by the defendants. The directors did not provide accounts for profits, allowance for fiduciarys efforts, resources, property and skills[2]. The claim was based on various payments made by Groeneveld South Island Limited who was the distributor of the plaintiff to the defendants. The first defendant was the managing director of the plaintiff at the time of incorporation. The employment was terminated because the defendant allegedly breached directors duties which are under review of this case[3]. The plaintiff was relying on commonlaw and equitable remedies against the defendant and the company related t o him with respect to the breach of fiduciary and statutory duties by him. Breach of directors duties The plaintiff had made an allegation that the defendant breached the fiduciary and statutory duties which he owed to the defendant company by not disclosing the private arrangement he created with GSI. The plaintiff now wanted the accounts of profit which were made by the defendant due to such arrangements. The fact provided by the plaintiff was admitted by the defendant that they received payments from the company however the claim was defended by the defendants by stating that the payments were for a legal purpose and were not related to the distribution arrangements between GSI and GA. There was no obligation imposed on Mr Nolten by law that he has to disclose his arrangements related to the IT services to GA. It was further provided by the defendants that the plaintiffs failed to provide any evidence that the payments were in form of a franchise fees and a specific allegation that such payments should be categorized as franchise payments was also not present. It was further alleg ed by the plaintiff that the defendant misused his position with respect to his power to put and hold the shares of the plaintiff company. The defendant in this case had made calls on share just as he got to know that he was about to get terminate from his position through notice because of incorporating a company which was competing with the plaintiff. The put option was exercised by the defendant as soon as he was dismissed. The plaintiff had thus refused to issue share with respect to the second call and the company associated with the defendant did not comply with its obligation to purchase with respect to the put and call agreement. It was also claimed by the plaintiff in this case that the defendant failed to comply with his duty of honesty towards the put and call options. With respect to the Perth rent claim it was provided by the plaintiff that the defendant leased the a warehouse from TTM for the company without disclosing the interest which he had in TTM to the board of GA. The defendant allegedly made profits out of the lease and did not disclose it to the board. It was argued by the defendant that they have no obligation to account for the profit made through the lease to the board of GA. It was also provided by the plaintiff that an increased rent as compared to the market rate was paid to TTM with respect to the lease. With respect to the claim for equitable compensation it was claimed by the plaintiff that the defendants must compensate them for the losses faced by the plaintiff along with an award of equitable compensation. It was submitted by the defendants that this was not in any sense a loss made by the plaintiff and the account for profit was enough as a remedy discarding equitable compensation. An order against the defendant was also wanted by the plaintiff with respect to the account of profit from the lease based on the rent in the market. It was also provided that the plaintiff had made arrangements in a flat owned by his company Nolten Investment for the purpose of accommodation for the guest of GA without disclosing his interest in the company to the board. The defendant charged $37,180 from the plaintiff as fees for accommodation. A misleading and deceptive conduct claim was also made by the plaintiff under Section 9 of the Fair trading Act 1999. It was claimed by the plaintiff that the defendant had kept the plaintiff under an illusion that he was diligently complying with the fiduciary and statutory duties he had under law. It was also provided that the defendant had knowledge that the representation was deceptive, false and misleading and the plaintiffs were not aware about it. The plaintiff in this case have also claimed declaration against the plaintiff with respect to 1317E of the Corporation Act 2001 which respect to this breach of acting in good faith under Section 181, not misusing his position under Section 182 and Section 183 of not misusing information obtained through the company. The plaintiff also wanted declaration from the breach of fiduciary duties by the defendant along with contravention of duty to act honestly. Decision of the court It was held by the court in this case that the approval of shares issue with respect to exercising the call option the position of manager held by Mr. Nolten had been misused for the purpose of making personal gain and initiating a conflict of interest which was not disclosed to the plaintiff[4]. It was pointed out by the court that even though a positive duty with respect to the fiduciary to disclose conflict does not exist if a fiduciary enters into a dealing which would account to the breach of duty than he must disclose such dealing and conflict to the board[5]. It was also provided by the court that the approval of board had to be required for the purpose of issue of share. In this case also the defendant did not completely disclose his interest in the resolution whereas he stated that he has bone it completely[6]. This is sufficient ground for the plaintiff to terminate the employment of the defendant and in such case the call option would have expired immediately. The court he ld that the second call option was invalid because of the same reason the court further held that the put option with respect to the company was also not valid. It was also held by the court that the defendant engaged in false deceptive and misleading conduct during the period of 2005-2009 by assuring the board that he was complying with the fiduciary and statutory duties of directors. He induced the other directors of the defendant company to allow the issue of shares under wrongful assumption that they could not on any basis terminate the employment of Mr. Nolten. The conduct of the defendant was also held to be of fraud and deceit by the court. The court ruled that an implied term of good faith existed with respect to both option agreements and Mr. Nolten could not establish a balance between the condition of the agreements and his statutory and fiduciary duties. The court held that because of the above mentioned reason the duty to act in good faith had been breached by Mr. Nolte n. The decision of the court is discussed in details as follows[7]. With respect to the GSI Franchise Fee claim the evidence provided by mark Alston was accepted by the judge. The court held that the payment entered mistakenly by the bookkeeper of GSI into the MYOB accounts of the company as distributor fees for the financial year 2005-2006. The mistake was committed by the accountant of GSI into the 2005-2006 accounts as franchise fees by mistake. The evidence provided by Alston proved that the mistake had been rectified in the next year account as communication and service co-location fees with respect to the amount paid by GSI for IT computer services. The judge held through evidence that the agreement made between GSI and Mr. Nolten was to supply computer and the payment received were for the supply of computers. The agreement was not entered in private capacity by Mr. Nolten. However Mr. Nolter misused his position of managing director and made arrangements which would benefit him personally[8]. Thus he breached section 182 and 184 of the Corpor ation Act. It was held by relying on the evidence provided by Mr Alston that the defendant said he had access over the quotations of GA and would help him gain the tender and thus he misused information and breached section 183 of the corporation act[9]. It was also found through evidence that he received an extra personal amount with respect to the agreement which accounted to $2500 per month. It was unsustainable to accept the argument that a diversion in business activities did not occur[10]. The fact that the position of managing director was used to make personal gains without disclosing it to the other directors is clearly an indication related to the breach of Section 182 of the CA. Thus the plaintiff have the right to order of the defendant account for profit made with respect to the arrangements with GSI[11]. With respect to the Perth rent claim the court accepted the evidence provided by Mr. Bellerby with respect to the market rent. It was held by the court after analyzing the market rent that the price which had to be paid by BA to Perth was in excess by $10.700 as compared to the market rent. It was also found by the court that GA paid the rent in excess for many years. Thus it was ruled by the court that the defendant misused his position in this respect for personal gains which bought detriment to the company. The court considered the background of Mr. Hazebroek along with his experience in the market could not be regarded as the subject of the evidence. Thus the court rejected the evidence on anticipated returns provided by him[12]. In relation to the equitable compensation claim court based its decision on cases such as Pilmer v Duke Group Limited (in liq)(2001) 207 CLRand Maguire v Makaronis(1997) 188 CLR 449. In these cases also the question before the court was to determine equitable compensation. An argument was provided by the senior counsel for the defendant that such accounts have a clear element of double-dipping. It can be said that starting point for GA would be that they should be entitled to all the profit which had been made by Mr. Nolten and his company. The burden proof is on the defendants to show that it would not be just if GA is made to receive the total profit and some profit should be allowed towards the defendants. The court held that they were not able to prove the preceding sentence[13]. No proof had been provided with respect to the position which the defendant would have been if the plaintiff would have not leased the place from them. In the same way the defendant were not able to prov e that the plaintiff would receive no benefit from the allowance or the allowance is unjustified[14]. With respect to the baker street flat the defendants admitted that they should account for the profit made with respect to the rent paid by GA. However they claimed that they should be provided with certain allowance with respect to the cost which GA would have incurred for any other flat. They cited the case of Warman International Ltd v Dwyer(1995) 182 CLR 544,557 where the court provided for such allowance for the defendants. However in this case the contention related to the allowance was rejected by the court. Similar to the case of Perth rent claim the court did not find any evidence in relation to what would have been the position of the defendant if GA would have not availed the flat. With respect to the generallaw claim made by the plaintiff the court held that the defendants were libel for he breach of statutory and fiduciary duties. In relation to the duty to act in good faith and best interest of the company the court held that the defendants had breached the duty as no actions taken by them were for the interest of the company. All actions discussed and analyzed in this case had been taken with the intention of making personal gains. In relation to the duty not to use the position of a director for personal gain of himself or for others without making disclosure as provided in section 182 the defendant had in various situations misused his position for personal benefits and the benefits of companies associated with him . Thus the court had no doubt that the statutory and fiduciary duty had been breached[15]. Similarly, the defendant unethically used the information he gained acting as the director of the company in various situations for personal benefits wit hout disclosure and thus was entitled to the breach of section 183 of the CA. Thus the court upheld the claim of the plaintiff and held the defendants liable for breach. References Breen v Williams(1995-6) 186 CLR 71 Breen v Williams(1995-6) 186 CLR 71;Pilmer v Duke Group Ltd (in liq)(2001) 207 CLR 165. Centofanti v Eekimitor Pty Ltd(1995) 15 ACSR 629 Chan v Zacharia(1984) 154 CLR 178 Corporation Act 2001 Demetrious v Gikas Dry Cleaning Industries(1991) 22 NSWLR 561 Esso Australia Resources Pty Ltd v Southern Pacific Petroleum NL[2005] VSCA 228 Fair Trading Act 1999 Garry Rogers Motors (Aust) Pty Ltd v Subaru (Aust) Pty Ltd Groeneveld Australia Pty Ltd Ors v Nolten Ors (No 3) [2010] VSC 533 Hospital Products Limited v United Surgical Corporation(1984) 154 CLR 41 Joint Stock Discount Co v Brown(1869) Permanent Building Society (in liq) v Wheeler(1994) 14 ACSR 109 Smith v Chadwick(1884) 9 AC 187 State of South Australia v Clark(1996) 19 ACSR 606 Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd(1982) 42 ALR 177 Whitlam v Australian Securities and Investments Commission(2003) 57 NSWLR 559.

Simple Plan †free essay sample

Simple Plan first captured our hearts with catchy pop-punk anthems sure to speak to any teenager. â€Å"Perfect† gave hope to us with parents who just didnt understand. â€Å"Id Do Anything† spoke to that one person wed do anything to get back in our lives. And of course, â€Å"Welcome to My Life† and â€Å"Im Just a Kid† perfectly describe the hardships of being a teenager. Now, the fabulous five are back with a new album and a whole new style. Simple Plans third studio album is a slight step away from their punk roots. Fans were undoubtedly shocked to hear the night club-esque beats that introduced â€Å"When Im Gone,† the first track (and first single). But even amidst the hip-hop beats and electro-rock guitar riffs, traces of Simple Plan can still be found, giving the album comfort regardless of the break from their traditional style. â€Å"When Im Gone† is followed by the fast-paced rock song â€Å"Take My Hand,† which cannot be heard without toe-tapping and head-bopping. We will write a custom essay sample on Simple Plan – or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rest of the CD doesnt fail to deliver much-needed karaoke opportunities. From soft rock ballads like â€Å"I Can Wait Forever† to funky rock jams like â€Å"Generation† to familiar pop-punk territory like â€Å"Time to Say Goodbye,† the band keeps fans on their toes, changing and experimenting while remaining Simple Plan. Although the CD â€Å"Simple Plan† is not what anyone expected from these punk heroes, it will unquestionably please old fans while charming a new generation of fans as well.

Writing a Sample Extended Essay About Photography

Writing a Sample Extended Essay About PhotographyIt's easier than ever to write a sample extended essay about photography. Because there are so many different types of photographs, and because online learning is much more common now than it was a few years ago, writing a brief essay about a specific photograph is now a relatively simple task for students.When I first began teaching about photography and the Vietnam War, I would often hear students ask me what the best way to explain what photograph meant. They wanted to know how I had created my essay about the pictures taken during the war. Their difficulty often stemmed from the fact that they didn't understand what photograph meant and were eager to hear someone explain it to them.Fortunately, it's easier than ever to create a sample extended essay about a photo essay. A sample essay on the Vietnam War is an excellent place to start because it doesn't require too much research or knowledge of photography.When I first began teachin g about photography and the Vietnam War, I had my students read a short story by Colson Whitehead. It was a story about a young man who was constantly and embarrassingly told he looked like a soldier because of his white uniform. In the end, the young man saved a Vietnamese boy from drowning. His mother said he never once regretted his decision.In this story, I used a brief vignette to illustrate a lengthy extended essay about what really makes a photograph 'good.' The story works well because it's something that is both short and punchy; a reader can get a good idea of the essay's topic in just a few minutes.In my sample essay, I described how the young man would sometimes get a much better view of an attack from a second-story window than any of the other men. He quickly decided that he wanted to document the scene to prove, 'All men are not bastards.'In my essay, I also referenced a photograph of a Vietnamese woman with her baby. When I began the essay, I had written the phrase ' life-or-death struggle' behind the image. In the end, the young man decided that he wanted to show how the Vietnamese woman was much more important to him than the fate of her baby.After creating a sample essay about a photograph, I often find myself in a conversation with someone who is unable to connect the pictures that I am referring to. This happens with both beginners and veterans, and it's important that those who are attempting to write essays to use the images correctly.

Free Essays on Financial Management

Table of Content NPV Method †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 03 Payback Method †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 05 Average Accounting Return †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 06 Internal rate of return †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 07 Answer # 2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 09 Answer #1 a) NPV Method Technique for analyzing capital investment projects are known as Net Present Value (NPV). A project’s net present value is the amount by which the project is expected to increase the wealth of the firm’s current shareholders. Net present value techniques involve projections of future volume and value increases and calculations of present value based on the cost of investing ones capital in the given periods of time. A dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future, because inflation erodes the buying power of the future money, while money available today can be invested and grow. The Discount Rate is the rate of return which could be obtained if the initial outlay were invested on the money market. Since the discount rate reflects the future value of money, it typically has two components: an adjustment for inflation, and a risk-adjusted return on the use of the money. Since market forces typically incorporate inflation adjustments into investment returns and borrowing costs, often the discount rate is keyed to a standard reference rate. Some Advantages and disadvantages are:- Advantages:- It will give the correct decision advice assuming a perfect capital market. It also gives correct ranking for mutually exclusive projects unlike the IRR. NPV gives an absolute value NPV allows for the timing of the cash flows Disadvantages: Calculating NPV is difficult, in part, because it isn't clear what discount rate should be used, nor is it clear how to project future changes in the discount rate.. NPV, of all the 4 methods of Investment appraisal, requires the decision criteria to be specif... Free Essays on Financial Management Free Essays on Financial Management Table of Content NPV Method †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 03 Payback Method †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 05 Average Accounting Return †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 06 Internal rate of return †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 07 Answer # 2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 09 Answer #1 a) NPV Method Technique for analyzing capital investment projects are known as Net Present Value (NPV). A project’s net present value is the amount by which the project is expected to increase the wealth of the firm’s current shareholders. Net present value techniques involve projections of future volume and value increases and calculations of present value based on the cost of investing ones capital in the given periods of time. A dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future, because inflation erodes the buying power of the future money, while money available today can be invested and grow. The Discount Rate is the rate of return which could be obtained if the initial outlay were invested on the money market. Since the discount rate reflects the future value of money, it typically has two components: an adjustment for inflation, and a risk-adjusted return on the use of the money. Since market forces typically incorporate inflation adjustments into investment returns and borrowing costs, often the discount rate is keyed to a standard reference rate. Some Advantages and disadvantages are:- Advantages:- It will give the correct decision advice assuming a perfect capital market. It also gives correct ranking for mutually exclusive projects unlike the IRR. NPV gives an absolute value NPV allows for the timing of the cash flows Disadvantages: Calculating NPV is difficult, in part, because it isn't clear what discount rate should be used, nor is it clear how to project future changes in the discount rate.. NPV, of all the 4 methods of Investment appraisal, requires the decision criteria to be specif...

Nothing wrong with Hopefully as Modal Adjunct

Nothing wrong with Hopefully as Modal Adjunct Nothing wrong with Hopefully as Modal Adjunct Nothing wrong with Hopefully as Modal Adjunct By Maeve Maddox My 2009 edition of the Associated Press Stylebook has this to say about hopefully: It means in a hopeful manner. Do not use it to mean it is hoped, let us hope or we hope. The 2012 edition of the AP Stylebook reverses that dictum. Professional writers who follow that guide may now use the word to mean â€Å"it is hoped,† â€Å"we hope† and â€Å"let us hope† without opprobrium. It’s gratifying that AP has finally acknowledged that hopefully can be used as a modal adjunct as well as a manner adjunctespecially as English speakers have been using it that way for at least eighty years. Used as a â€Å"manner adjunct,† an adverb answers the question â€Å"how?† about a verb, as in â€Å"He saw her clearly.† Used as a â€Å"modal adjunct,† an adverb modifies the entire sentence, as in â€Å"Clearly, he saw her at the coffee shop.† Here the word doesn’t tell â€Å"how† he saw, but thatwithout any doubthe saw her. Because the AP change of attitude has stirred such fury among so many, I wanted to see what Fowler had to say about hopefully in his landmark work Modern English, published in 1926. He had nothing to say about hopefully, but plenty about the misuse of the verb hope. Hopefully is absent also from Horwill’s Modern American Usage (OUP, 1935). According to an article by Geoffrey Pullum in the Chronicle of Higher Education, usage specialist Wilson Follett (1886-1963) started the trouble with hopefully, calling its modal use â€Å"unEnglish and eccentric.† Although Strunk had made no mention of the despicable use of hopefully in the original version of Elements of Style, and although editor and expander E.B. White did not think to include it in his 1959 revision, he inserted it with an emotional note in the 1972 revision: Such use is not merely wrong, it is silly. it offends the ear of manywho do not like to see words dulled or eroded, particularly when the erosion leads to ambiguity, softness, or nonsense. I suspect that this testy note in the over-venerated Elements has had a lot to do with spreading Follett’s prejudice. William Safire, who wrote a respected column on language for the NY Times Magazine from 1979 until his death in 2009, at first rejected, but then accepted the modal use of hopefully; he was called â€Å"a lousy quitter† for his trouble. Both the OED and Merriam-Webster include definitions for the modal use of hopefully. The earliest recorded use in the OED is dated 1932; M-W notes that an 18th century (1702) example has been found in a book written by Cotton Mather. OED warns that â€Å"many writers avoid it.† M-W says that the word still has â€Å"a few die-hard critics,† but concludes that â€Å"most usage commentators have by now come to realize that it is entirely standard.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?3 Cases of Complicated HyphenationEpidemic vs. Pandemic vs. Endemic